Psychopathology – W. J. Wilson (Spring 2000)
  1. Anxiety Disorders
    1. Phobic disorders
      1. Irrational fear of _______
        1. Arachnophobia
        2. Acrophobia
        3. Claustrophobia
        4. Agoraphobia
      2. "Extinction" therapies
        1. desensitization
        2. flooding
    2. Generalized anxiety disorder
      1. Irrational fear of ?
      2. Drug therapy
        1. Benzodiazepines
          1. Valium
          2. Librium
    3. Obsessive compulsive disorder
      1. Obsession: thought that intrudes into consciousness
      2. Compulsion: behavior that intrudes into consciousness
      3. Prozac and a few other "anti-depressants" treat the symptoms
  2. Somatoform disorders
    1. Hypochondriasis
      1. Fear that you have a terrible disorder
        1. No symptoms
    2. Conversion disorder
      1. Sensory or motor deficit
        1. e.g., paralysis or deafness
      2. "la belle indifference"
  3. Dissociative disorders
    1. Psychogenic amnesia
      1. Loss of knowledge concerning your personal history
        1. Forget who you are, where you come from, etc.
    2. Fugue state
      1. Adopt a new identity & change locations
      2. Lasts for weeks or months
    3. Dissociative identity disorder (Multiple personality disorder)
      1. Two or more personalities in one person
      2. Exceedingly rare
        1. Fewer than 500 documented cases ever
  4. Schizophrenia
    1. Break from reality
      1. Inappropriate thoughts
      2. Inappropriate affect
      3. Inappropriate movement
      4. Sometimes delusions
      5. Sometimes hallucinations
    2. 1 % of people worldwide affected
    3. Reactive type
      1. Late teens, early 20s
      2. Rapid onset, better prognosis
    4. Process type
      1. Middle or later life onset
      2. Slow onset, worse prognosis
    5. Biological disorder
      1. Heritable
        1. If you have a close relative with schizophrenia the chances that you will get it increase
      2. Dopamine hypothesis
        1. Drugs that treat schizophrenia block dopamine receptors
        2. Drugs that "cause" schizophrenia activate dopamine systems
          1. Cocaine, amphetamine, L-DOPA, ritalin
        3. Post-mortem studies reveal increases in dopamine receptors and sometimes dopmamine in schizophrenic brains
      3. Hippocampus
        1. Scheibel – wiring and arrangement of hippocampal neurons in disarray in schizophrenia
        2. Weinberger – hippocampus of schizophrenic twin smaller than that of normal twin
  5. Mood disorders
    1. Unipolar mood disorder (depression)
      1. Symptoms
        1. Persistent unpleasant mood
        2. Feeling of helplessness
        3. Feeling of hopelessness
        4. Decreased motivation
        5. Decreased pleasure
        6. Decreased sleep (usually)
      2. Biological disorder
        1. Heritable
        2. Monoamine hypothesis
          1. Serotonin and or norepinephrine too low in depressives
          2. Drugs that treat depression raise monoamine activity
            1. Prozac, Monoamine oxidase inhibitors
          3. Drugs that "cause" depression lower monoamine activity
            1. Reserpine (blood pressure medication)
          4. Post-mortem studies – low levels of serotonin or norepinephrine in brain of depressive
    2. Bipolar mood disorder (manic depression)
      1. Periods of depression cycle with periods of mania
      2. Mania
        1. Persistent pleasant mood (euphoria)
        2. Feeling of empowerment
          1. Sometimes deluded
        3. Increased motivation
        4. Increased pleasure
        5. Decreased sleep
      3. Biological disorder
        1. Heritable
        2. Mechanism unknown
      4. Lithium therapy
        1. Lithium (toxin) seems to reduce mania thereby stabilizing mood.